Isimo sokugaywa kabusha kwezinto ze-polyurethane e-China
I-1, isitshalo sokukhiqiza i-polyurethane sizokhiqiza inqwaba yezinsalela minyaka yonke, ngenxa yokugxila, okulula ukugaywa kabusha.Izitshalo eziningi zisebenzisa izindlela zokuphinda zigaywe ngokomzimba namakhemikhali ukuze zibuyisele futhi zisebenzise kabusha izinto ezilahliwe.
2. Izinto ezilahlwayo ze-polyurethane ezisetshenziswa abathengi azikavuselelwa kahle.Kunamanye amabhizinisi asebenza ngokukhethekile ekwelapheni imfucuza ye-polyurethane e-China, kodwa iningi lawo ashiswa kakhulu futhi agaywe kabusha ngokomzimba.
3, kunamanyuvesi amaningi kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo ekhaya naphesheya, ezibophezele ekufuneni amakhemikhali e-polyurethane kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha kwezinto eziphilayo, ishicilele imiphumela ethile yezemfundo.Kodwa empeleni ifakwe ekusetshenzisweni kwesilinganiso esikhulu kwabambalwa kakhulu, i-Germany H&S ingenye yazo.
4, ukuhlukaniswa kwemfucuza yasekhaya yaseShayina kusanda kuqala, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kokugcina kwezinto ze-polyurethane kuphansi, futhi kunzima ukuthi amabhizinisi aqhubeke nokuthola imfucuza ye-polyurethane ukuze isetshenziswe kabusha futhi isetshenziswe.Ukutholakala okungazinzile kwezinto ezilahlwayo kwenza kube nzima ukuthi amabhizinisi asebenze.
5. Alikho izinga lokushaja elicacile lokugaywa kabusha nokuphathwa kwemfucuza enkulu.Isibonelo, omatilasi abenziwe nge-polyurethane, ukufakwa kwesiqandisi, njll., ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubomgomo namaketanga ezimboni, amabhizinisi agaywa kabusha angathola imali enkulu.
6, u-Huntsman wasungula indlela yokuvuselela amabhodlela epulasitiki e-PET, ngemuva kwezinqubo eziningi eziqinile zokucubungula, kuyunithi yokusabela kwamakhemikhali nezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa ukuze kukhiqizwe imikhiqizo ye-polyester polyol, izithako zomkhiqizo ezifika ku-60% kusuka kumabhodlela epulasitiki e-PET asetshenziswe kabusha, kanye ne-polyester. i-polyol isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izinto ze-polyurethane enye yezinto ezibalulekile zokusetshenziswa.Njengamanje, u-Huntsman angagaya kabusha ngempumelelo amabhodlela epulasitiki e-PET angu-1 bhiliyoni angu-500ml ngonyaka, futhi eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, amabhodlela epulasitiki e-PET asetshenziswe kabusha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5 aguqulelwe abe amathani angu-130,000 emikhiqizo ye-polyol ukuze kukhiqizwe izinto zokuhlanganisa i-polyurethane.
I-Physical Recycling
Le ndlela iwubuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha obusetshenziswa kakhulu.Igwebu elithambile le-polyurethane ligaywa libe amasentimitha ambalwa ezingcezwana nge-crusher, futhi ingcina ye-polyurethane esebenzayo ifafazwa ku-mixer.Izinamatheliso ezisetshenziswayo ngokuvamile ziyinhlanganisela yegwebu le-polyurethane noma ama-prepolymers asekelwe ku-NCO asekelwe ku-polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate (PAPI).Lapho izinamatheliso ezisekelwe ku-PAPI zisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa nokwenza, ukuxubana kwe-steam nakho kungafakwa. Ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa imfucuza ye-polyurethane, engeza u-90% we-polyurethane imfucuza, i-adhesive engu-10%, uhlanganise ngokulinganayo, ungakwazi ukwengeza ingxenye yedayi, bese ucindezela ingxube.
I-Thermosetting polyurethane foam ethambile kanye nemikhiqizo ye-RIM polyurethane inezinga elithile lepulasitiki elithambile elishisayo ebangeni lokushisa lika-100-200℃.Ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokucindezela okuphezulu, imfucuza ye-polyurethane ingahlanganiswa ngaphandle kokunamathela.Ukuze wenze umkhiqizo ogaywe kabusha ufane, imfucuza ivamise ukuchotshozwa bese iyashisisa bese iyacindezelwa.
Igwebu elithambile le-polyurethane lingashintshwa libe yizinhlayiya ezinhle ngokushisa okuphansi kokugaya noma inqubo yokugaya, futhi ukuhlakazwa kwale zinhlayiyana zengezwe ku-polyol, esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza igwebu le-polyurethane noma eminye imikhiqizo, hhayi nje ukubuyisela imfucuza ye-polyurethane, kodwa. futhi ukwehlisa ngempumelelo izindleko zemikhiqizo.Okuqukethwe kwempushana egayiwe ku-MDI okusekelwe kubanda okuphulukisa igwebu le-polyurethane elithambile kunomkhawulo ku-15%, futhi ubuningi obungama-25% obuyimpushana obugayiwe bungangezwa kugwebu lokuphulukisa olushisayo olususelwa ku-TDI.
I-Chemical Recycling
I-Diol hydrolysis ingenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokubuyisela amakhemikhali.Lapho kukhona ama-diols amangqamuzana amancane (afana ne-ethylene glycol, i-propylene glycol, i-diethylene glycol) kanye nama-catalysts (ama-amine aphezulu, i-alcoleamine noma ama-organometallic compounds), ama-polyurethanes (amagwebu, ama-elastomers, imikhiqizo ye-RIM, njll.) aphuzwa utshwala ezingeni lokushisa elingaba cishe 200°C amahora ambalwa ukuze uthole ama-polyols avuselelwe.Ama-polyols asetshenziswe kabusha angaxutshwa nama-polyols amasha ukuze kwenziwe izinto ze-polyurethane.
Amagwebu e-polyurethane angaguqulwa abe ama-polyols athambile okuqala kanye nama-polyols aqinile nge-amination.I-Amolysis yinqubo lapho igwebu le-polyurethane lisabela khona nama-amine ngesikhathi sokucindezela nokushisa.Ama-amine asetshenziswayo ahlanganisa i-dibutylamine, i-ethanolamine, i-lactam noma i-lactam admixture, futhi ukusabela kungenziwa emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwe-150 ° C. Umkhiqizo wokugcina awudingi ukuhlanzwa kwe-polyurethane foam elungiselelwe ngokuqondile futhi ingashintsha ngokuphelele i-polyurethane elungiselelwe kusukela ekuqaleni. i-polyol.
I-Dow Chemical yethule inqubo yokubuyisela amakhemikhali e-amine hydrolysis.Le nqubo iqukethe izinyathelo ezimbili: imfucuza ye-polyurethane ichithwa ibe i-aminoester ehlakazekile ephezulu, i-urea, i-amine ne-polyol nge-alkylolamine kanye ne-catalyst;Khona-ke ukusabela kwe-alkylation kwenziwa ukuze kukhishwe ama-amine anephunga elimnandi ezintweni ezitholiwe, futhi ama-polyols asebenza kahle nombala okhanyayo ayatholakala.Indlela ingabuyisa izinhlobo eziningi zegwebu le-polyurethane, futhi i-polyol etholiwe ingasetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinto ze-polyurethane.Le nkampani futhi isebenzisa inqubo yokuphinda igaywe ngamakhemikhali ukuze ithole ama-polyol agaywe kabusha ezingxenyeni ze-RRIM, angasetshenziswa kabusha ukuthuthukisa izingxenye ze-RIM kufika ku-30%.
Indlela ye-Hydrolysis - I-sodium hydroxide ingasetshenziswa njenge-hydrolysis catalyst yokubola amabhamuza athambile e-polyurethane namabhamuza aqinile ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-polyol nama-amine intermediates, asetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe ezigaywe kabusha.
I-Alkalolysis: I-polyether ne-alkali metal hydroxide isetshenziswa njengama-ejenti wokubola, futhi ama-carbonates akhishwa ngemva kokubola kwegwebu ukuze kubuyiselwe ama-polyols nama-diamine anephunga elimnandi.
Inqubo yokuhlanganisa i-alcoalysis ne-amolysis -- i-polyether polyol, i-potassium hydroxide ne-diamine isetshenziswa njengama-ejenti wokubola, futhi okuqinile kwe-carbonate kuyasuswa ukuze kutholwe i-polyether polyol ne-diamine.Ukubola kwama-bubbles aqinile akukwazi ukuhlukaniswa, kodwa i-polyether etholwe ukusabela kwe-propylene oxide ingasetshenziswa ngokuqondile ukwenza ama-bubbles aqinile.Izinzuzo zale ndlela izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokubola (60 ~ 160 ℃), isikhathi esifushane kanye nenani elikhulu legwebu lokubola.
Inqubo ye-Alcohol phosphorus - i-polyether polyols ne-halogenated phosphate ester njengama-ejenti wokubola, imikhiqizo yokubola i-polyether polyols kanye ne-ammonium phosphate eqinile, ukuhlukana okulula.
I-Reqra, inkampani yaseJalimane egaya kabusha, ikhuthaza ubuchwepheshe obushibhile bokubuyisela imfucuza ye-polyurethane ukuze kugaywe kabusha imfucuza yezicathulo ze-polyurethane.Kulobu buchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha, imfucuza iqale igaywe ibe yizinhlayiya eziyi-10mm, ishiselwe ku-reactor nge-disperant ukuze igcwale, futhi ekugcineni itholakale ukuze kutholwe ama-polyols awuketshezi.
Indlela yokubola ye-Phenol -- IJapan izomosha igwebu elithambile le-polyurethane elichotshoziwe futhi lixutshwe ne-phenol, lishisiswe ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-acidic, ibhondi ye-carbamate iphukile, ihlanganiswe neqembu le-phenol hydroxyl, bese isabela nge-formaldehyde ukukhiqiza i-phenolic resin, yengeze i-hexamethylenetetramine ukuyiqinisa, ingaba okulungiselelwe ngamandla amahle kanye nokuqina, ukumelana nokushisa okuhle kakhulu kwemikhiqizo ye-phenolic resin.
I-Pyrolysis - amabhamuza athambile e-polyurethane angabola emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ngaphansi kwezimo ze-aerobic noma ze-anaerobic ukuze kutholwe izinto ezinamafutha, futhi ama-polyols angatholakala ngokuhlukana.
Ukubuyisela ukushisa kanye nokwelashwa kokulahla imfucumfucu
Ukuthola amandla emfucumfucu ye-polyurethane kuwubuchwepheshe obunobungani nemvelo futhi obuwusizo kakhulu kwezomnotho.I-American Polyurethane Recycling Board yenza isilingo lapho u-20% wemfucuza ethambile yegwebu engezwa kumshini wokushisisa udoti oqinile.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi umlotha osele kanye negesi ekhishwayo kwakusengaphakathi kwezidingo zemvelo ezishiwo, futhi ukushisa okukhishwe ngemva kokwengezwa kwegwebu lemfucumfucu kusindise kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi.E-Europe, amazwe anjengeSweden, Switzerland, Germany kanye neDenmark nawo azama ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa amandla atholwe ekushisweni kwemfucuza yohlobo lwe-polyurethane ukuze kuhlinzekwe ugesi kanye nokushisa.
Igwebu le-polyurethane lingagaywa libe yimpushana, kungaba yodwa noma namanye amapulasitiki alahlwayo, ukuze kuthathelwe indawo impushana yamalahle ecolisekileyo bese ishiswa esithandweni ukuze kubuyiselwe amandla okushisa.Ukusebenza kahle kokuvutha komanyolo we-polyurethane kungathuthukiswa nge-micropowder.
Uma ungekho umoya-mpilo, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, umfutho ophezulu kanye ne-catalyst, amagwebu e-polyurethane athambile nama-elastomers angabola ngokushisa ukuze kutholwe imikhiqizo yegesi namafutha.Uwoyela wokubola oshisayo owumphumela uqukethe amanye ama-polyols, ahlanzwayo futhi angasetshenziswa njenge-feedstock, kodwa ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengowoyela wokubasa.Le ndlela ilungele ukugaywa kabusha kukadoti oxubile namanye amapulasitiki.Kodwa-ke, ukubola kwe-polymer ye-nitrogenous njengegwebu le-polyurethane kungase kwehlise i-catalyst.Kuze kube manje le ndlela ayikamukelwa kabanzi.
Njengoba i-polyurethane iyi-polymer equkethe i-nitrogen, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokuvuselela amandla omlilo esetshenziswayo, izimo zokuvutha ezifanele kufanele zisetshenziswe ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-nitrogen oxides nama-amine.Izithando zomlilo ezivuthayo zidinga ukuhlonyiswa ngemishini efanele yokwelapha igesi yokukhipha umoya.
Inani elikhulu lemfucumfucu yegwebu le-polyurethane elahlwa ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza.Amanye amagwebu awakwazi ukugaywa kabusha, njengamagwebu e-polyurethane asetshenziswa njengemibhede yembewu.Njengamanye amapulasitiki, uma impahla ihlala izinzile endaweni yemvelo, izoqoqwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi kunengcindezi emvelweni.Ukuze abole imfucumfucu ye-polyurethane ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, abantu sebeqalile ukwakha inhlaka ye-polyurethane ebolayo.Isibonelo, ama-molecule e-polyurethane aqukethe ama-carbohydrate, i-cellulose, i-lignin noma i-polycaprolactone nezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo.
I-Recycling Breakthrough
Ngo-2011, abafundi baseYale University baba sematheni lapho bethola ukhunta olubizwa ngokuthi i-Pestalotiopsis microspora e-Ecuador.Isikhunta siyakwazi ukugaya nokudiliza ipulasitiki ye-polyurethane, ngisho nasendaweni engenawo umoya (anaerobic), engenza ukuthi isebenze ngaphansi kwendawo yokulahla imfucumfucu.
Nakuba uprofesa owayehola uhambo locwaningo exwayise ngokulindela okuningi kakhulu kokutholwe ngesikhathi esifushane, akukho ukuphika ukukhanga kombono wendlela esheshayo, ehlanzekile, engenakho ukusebenza kahle nengokwemvelo yokulahla imfucumfucu yepulasitiki. .
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, umklami u-Katharina Unger we-LIVIN Studio wabambisana nomnyango we-microbiology wase-Utrecht University ukwethula iphrojekthi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Fungi Mutarium.
Basebenzise i-mycelium (ingxenye eqondile, enomsoco yamakhowe) yamakhowe amabili ajwayeleke kakhulu adliwayo, okuhlanganisa amakhowe ooyster kanye ne-schizophylla.Esikhathini esiyizinyanga ezimbalwa, ukhunta bonakalise ngokuphelele imfucumfucu yepulasitiki ngenkathi ikhula ngokujwayelekile eduze kwe-pod edliwayo ye-AGAR.Ngokusobala, ipulasitiki iba ukudla okulula kwe-mycelium.
Abanye abacwaningi nabo bayaqhubeka nokusebenza kulolu daba.Ngo-2017, u-Sehroon Khan, usosayensi e-World Agroforestry Center, kanye nethimba lakhe bathola enye isikhunta esehlisa isithunzi sepulasitiki, i-Aspergillus tubingensis, endaweni yokulahla udoti e-Islamabad, ePakistan.
Isikhunta singakhula ngobuningi ku-polyester polyurethane phakathi nezinyanga ezimbili bese siyihlephula sibe yizicucu ezincane.
Ithimba laseNyuvesi yase-Illinois, eliholwa nguProfesa Steven Zimmerman, liye lasungula indlela yokudiliza imfucuza ye-polyurethane futhi iguqule eminye imikhiqizo ewusizo.
Umfundi othweswe iziqu u-Ephraim Morado unethemba lokuthi uzoyixazulula inkinga yemfucuza ye-polyurethane ngama-polymers aphinde asebenzise amakhemikhali.Kodwa-ke, ama-polyurethanes azinzile ngokwedlulele futhi enziwe ngezinto ezimbili okunzima ukuzidiliza: ama-isocyanates nama-polyols.
Ama-Polyols abalulekile ngoba atholakala ku-petroleum futhi awehlisi kalula.Ukuze kugwenywe lobu bunzima, ithimba lamukele iyunithi yekhemikhali i-acetal eyonakaliswa kalula futhi incibilika emanzini.Imikhiqizo ewohlokayo yama-polymers ancibilikisiwe ane-trichloroacetic acid ne-dichloromethane ekamelweni lokushisa ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinto ezintsha.Njengobufakazi bomqondo, i-Morado iyakwazi ukuguqula ama-elastomers, asetshenziswa kakhulu ekupakheni nasezingxenyeni zezimoto, abe yizinto zokunamathisela.
Kodwa i-drawback enkulu yale ndlela entsha yokubuyisela izindleko kanye nobuthi bezinto ezingavuthiwe ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza ukusabela.Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi okwamanje bazama ukuthola indlela engcono futhi eshibhile yokufeza inqubo efanayo besebenzisa i-solvent emnene (efana noviniga) yokunciphisa.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-30-2023